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all photos are from flickr, for more information about them, click the *
thumb|right|A kindergarten in Afghanistan.">classroom">in Afghanistan.'''Education''' encompasses both the proper conduct, and technical competency. It thus focuses on the cultivation of mental, moral & aesthetic development.educating - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Formal education consists of professional teachers. This consists of the application of pilot, for example. Finally, there is an array of educational opportunity in the informal sphere- for this reason, society subsidizes institutions such as museums and libraries. Informal education also includes knowledge and skills learned and refined during the course of life, including education that comes from experience in practicing a profession. The right to education is a fundamental human right. Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13. Systems of formal educationEducation systems are established to provide education and training, often for children and the young. A curriculum defines what students should know, understand and be able to do as the result of education. A teaching profession delivers teaching which enables learning, and a system of policies, regulations, examinations, structures and funding enables teachers to teach to the best of their abilities. Sometimes education systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as knowledge, which is known as social engineering. This can lead to political abuse of the system, particularly in totalitarian states and government. *'''Education''' is a broad concept, referring to all the experiences in which students can learn something.
Primary educationthumb|right|Primary school in open air. Teacher (priest) with class from the outskirts of Bucharest, around 1842. Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or seven years of schooling starting at the age of 5 or 6, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.UNESCO, Education For All Monitoring Report 2008, Net Enrollment Rate in primary education Under the Education for All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as ''primary schools''. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior schools.Secondary educationIn most contemporary date=February 2008}} It is characterised by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., date=February 2008}} Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or [[high schools, gymnasiums, K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1-13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give [[common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession.Higher educationright|thumb|The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a gymnasium. Tertiary education is normally taken to include vocational education and training. universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees. Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the ''graduate'' (or ''postgraduate'') level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Higher education in that country generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.Adult educationLifelong, or adult, education has become widespread in many countries. Adult education takes on many forms, ranging from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning.Alternative educationAlternative education, also known as ''non-traditional education'' or ''educational alternative'', is a broad term which may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education (for all age groups and levels of education). This may include not only forms of education designed for students with special needs (ranging from teenage pregnancy to intellectual disability), but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employing alternative educational philosophies and methods. Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and date=February 2008}}. These alternatives, which include #School choice|charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, and home-based learning vary widely, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a [[sense of community.Emotional/Human educationAs academic education is more and more the norm and standard, companies and individuals are looking less at normal education as to what is deemed a good solid educated person/worker. Most well-educated and successful entrepreneurs have high communication skills with humanistic and warm "emotional intelligence". In certain places, especially in the United States, the term ''alternative'' may largely refer to forms of education catering to "at risk" students, as it is, for example, in this definition drafted by the Massachusetts Department of Education. Definition of Alternative Education From the Massachusetts Department of EducationProcessCurriculumAn academic discipline is a branch of taught, either at the learned societies to which their practitioners belong. Professors say schooling is 80% psychological, 20% physical effort.Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities and applied sciences.Examples of subjects...Learning modalitiesThere has been a great deal of work on learning styles over the last two decades. Dunn and DunnDunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph RenzulliBiographer of Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard GardnerThomas Armstrong's website detailing Multiple Intelligences identified individual talents or aptitudes in his Multiple Intelligences theories. Based on the works of Jung, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament SorterKeirsey web-site focused on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type DelineatorType Delineator description follows a similar but more simplified approach.It is currently fashionable to divide education into different learning "modes". The learning modalitiesSwassing, R. H., Barbe, W. B., & Milone, M. N. (1979). ''The Swassing-Barbe Modality Index: Zaner-Bloser Modality Kit''. Columbus, OH: Zaner-Bloser. are probably the most common:Varied Learning Modes
TechnologyMultimedia, and provides new ways to engage students, such as Virtual learning environments. Technology is being used more not only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroom discussions.Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a “diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.†These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. There is increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at all levels, in both formal and non-formal settings.ICT in Education Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries. The use of computers and the Internet is still in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access. Usually, various technologies are used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example, the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internet technologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka. The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and distance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming.Open University of the United Kingdom Official website Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India combines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio and television, and audio conferencing technologies.Indira Gandhi National Open University Official website The term "computer-assisted learning" (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching.Historyright|thumb|A depiction of the University of Bologna, Italy The history of education according to Dieter Lenzen, president of the Freie Universität Berlin 1994 "began either millions of years ago or at the end of 1770". Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before. Education was the natural response of early civilizations to the struggle of surviving and thriving as a culture. Adults trained the young of their society in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and eventually pass on. The evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on this practice of transmitting knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling continued from one generation to the next. Oral language developed into written symbols and letters. The depth and breadth of knowledge that could be preserved and passed soon increased exponentially. When cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond the basic skills of communicating, trading, gathering food, religious practices, etc, formal education, and schooling, eventually followed. Schooling in this sense was already in place in Egypt between 3000 and 500BC.Philosophyright|thumb|John Locke's work ''Thoughts Concerning Education'' was written in 1693 and still reflects traditional education priorities in the Western world">Some">Thoughts Concerning Education'' was written in 1693 and still reflects traditional education priorities in the Western world The content of education. Related topics include knowledge itself, the nature of the knowing mind and the human subject, problems of authority, and the relationship between education and society. At least since Locke's time, the philosophy of education has been linked to theories of human development.Fundamental purposes that have been proposed for education include:*The enterprise of responsible, enterprising ethical principles, values, political theory, aesthetics, and economics, not to mention an understanding of who children are, in themselves and in society.
Economic implications of EducationIt has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Hanushek, Economic Outcomes and School Quality In theory poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. But economists argue that if the gap in education between a rich and a poor nation is too large, as is the case between the poorest and the richest nations in the world, the transfer of these technologies that drive economic growth becomes difficult, thus the economies of the world's poorest nations stagnate.Sociology of educationthumb|Russia has more academic graduates than any other country in Europe. The date=February 2008}} The understanding of the goals and means of educational socialization processes differs according to the [[sociological paradigm used.Education in developing countriesEducation is becoming increasingly international. Not only are the materials becoming more influenced by the rich international environment, but exchanges among students at all levels are also playing an increasingly important role. In Europe, for example, the Socrates-Erasmus Programme stimulates exchanges across European universities. Also, the Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Some scholars argue that, regardless of whether one system is considered better or worse than another, experiencing a different way of education can often be considered to be the most important, enriching element of an international learning experience.Dubois, H.F.W., Padovano, G., & Stew, G. (2006) Improving international nurse training: an American–Italian case study. ''International Nursing Review, 53''(2): 110–116.See also* Academic Dishonesty
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